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來(lái)源:托福君TOEFL
小編:環(huán)球教育整理 469托??荚嚶?tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)四項(xiàng)中,你認(rèn)為最簡(jiǎn)單的是哪一項(xiàng)呢?如果托福君沒(méi)有猜錯(cuò)的話(huà),應(yīng)該是閱讀。因?yàn)槲覀儗W(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí),閱讀所占的比重和時(shí)長(zhǎng)是最大的,理所應(yīng)當(dāng)大家的閱讀水平都棒棒噠。有一個(gè)好的閱讀基礎(chǔ),再輔以專(zhuān)門(mén)的解題技巧,閱讀滿(mǎn)分就是你!
今天要講的,是托福閱讀考試技巧的核心所在——定位。
首先要弄清楚為什么定位最重要?
其一,閱讀讀的是文章,文章的讀法除了精讀,還有略讀、掃讀、跳讀等方法。文章的重要信息需要精讀,次要信息則有選擇地讀。選擇讀什么信息,就要定位到什么信息,所以定位就是用來(lái)幫助我們快速準(zhǔn)確地找到想要讀的信息的方法。
其二,由于托福閱讀考試時(shí)間緊張,每篇文章只有20分鐘的時(shí)間,我們根本無(wú)法做到先通讀整篇文章然后再做題,而是只能先讀題目再定位回原文,如此看來(lái),定位豈非是最重要最大的技巧了。
那么我們?cè)撊绾芜x取題干中合適的定位詞呢?
一言以蔽之,我們要選擇顯眼的詞。比如:
1>專(zhuān)有名詞,即首字母大寫(xiě)的人名、地名、國(guó)家名。
首字母大寫(xiě)的詞在一段文字中可謂鶴立雞群,非常顯眼。
如William Smith,Washington, England等。
2>數(shù)字、年代或特定的歷史時(shí)期。
無(wú)需多說(shuō),數(shù)字直接拿來(lái)定位,一眼就找回原文。比如the 1830s。
特定的歷史時(shí)期是什么呢,比如說(shuō)Italian Renaissance(意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期),the Ming dynasty(中國(guó)的明朝)等,都是特定歷史時(shí)期,這些詞也是以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭哦。
3>最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如the most significant development,the greatest development, more…than, greater than等。最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)的形式也是容易找到的詞語(yǔ)。
4>特殊的、偏僻的、少見(jiàn)的詞。就是那些平時(shí)你根本用不到也背不到的詞匯。比如說(shuō),serpentine soil,這應(yīng)該是某種類(lèi)型的土壤,至于到底是什么土壤,who cares,你只需要用它來(lái)快速定位就好啦。
以上這些類(lèi)型的詞都是相對(duì)比較容易快速找到的顯眼的詞,但如果題干中沒(méi)有這一類(lèi)型的詞又該怎么辦呢?
如此我們就需要選用具體的名詞來(lái)做定位詞,這里的具體名詞有兩層意思:
一是要選取名詞而非動(dòng)詞或形容詞,這是因?yàn)槊~的近義詞相對(duì)較少,而動(dòng)詞和形容詞的近義詞有很多,很容易被同義替換掉。比如difficult很容易被hard替換掉,如果我們選取difficult做定位詞,還要時(shí)刻關(guān)注文中與其近義的其他形容詞,增添了不必要的麻煩。
二是要選取具體名詞而非概括性名詞。那么什么樣的詞是概括性名詞呢?比如change,變化,就是一個(gè)概括性名詞,文中可能提到了關(guān)于某個(gè)事物的具體改變,但不一定會(huì)出現(xiàn)change這個(gè)概括性的詞,因此change并不適合做定位詞。類(lèi)似的詞還有很多,比如effect,result,feature,requirement等。
那么,選擇具體名詞作定位詞就真的萬(wàn)無(wú)一失了嗎?并不會(huì)。因?yàn)槊~也是有近義詞的,定位詞也是可以轉(zhuǎn)化的。下面,我們就來(lái)具體談?wù)劧ㄎ辉~的轉(zhuǎn)化問(wèn)題。請(qǐng)看以下例題:
Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands.
According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that…
我們可以選擇具體名詞image做定位詞,但回到原文會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)image的同義詞view,并且view所在的這句話(huà)才是答案句所在。也就是說(shuō),這道題考察了定位詞的轉(zhuǎn)化問(wèn)題,題目難度有所加大。遇到這樣的題目,我們需要細(xì)心一些,不放過(guò)任何一個(gè)被轉(zhuǎn)化的定位詞。
以上就是關(guān)于定位詞的選擇問(wèn)題。那么,既然定位技巧這么重要,是不是可以幫助我們一步定位到答案句呢?對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)單的題目,當(dāng)然可以。但是ETS并沒(méi)有那么好心,一定還有難題在等著你對(duì)不對(duì)?
接下來(lái)我們就來(lái)看看定位轉(zhuǎn)移問(wèn)題。
請(qǐng)看例題:
Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor's aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).
According to paragraph 2, sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because
√ They began using a material that made the statues weigh less
√ They found a way to strengthen the statues internally
√ The aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time
√ The cannonballs added too much weight to the statues
題干中有適合用于定位的大寫(xiě)的專(zhuān)有名詞Italian Renaissance,我們通過(guò)這個(gè)詞定位回原文的第六行,讀完整句話(huà),發(fā)現(xiàn)該句并不能回答題干所問(wèn)的問(wèn)題,即該句并非答案句,此時(shí)我們只能繼續(xù)往下讀文章,直到該段最后一句話(huà),才最終鎖定答案句,這就叫定位轉(zhuǎn)移。多讀了兩三句話(huà)有木有?細(xì)節(jié)題就是這樣變難的!
有沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn),一個(gè)小小的定位詞的選擇,也有大大的道理在里面。同學(xué)們還需要自己多多體會(huì)和總結(jié)哦。
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